袙 褝褌芯屑 褉邪蟹写械谢械 芯斜褗褟褋薪褟械褌褋褟, 泻邪泻 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褜 Debian GNU/Linux 懈蟹 褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍褞褖械泄 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 Unix 懈谢懈 Linux 斜械蟹 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 褍锌褉邪胁谢褟械屑芯泄 懈蟹 屑械薪褞 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑褘 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈, 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪薪芯泄 薪邪 斜懈斜谢懈芯褌械泻械 ncurses, 泻邪泻 褝褌芯 芯锌懈褋褘胁邪械褌褋褟 胁 芯褋褌邪谢褜薪芯屑 褉褍泻芯胁芯写褋褌胁械. 协褌芯 芦屑械卸写懈褋褌褉懈斜褍褌懈胁薪芯械禄 HOWTO 锌芯锌褉芯褋懈谢懈 锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌械谢懈, 锌械褉械褏芯写褟褖懈械 薪邪 Debian GNU/Linux 懈蟹 Redhat, Mandriva 懈 SUSE. 袙 褝褌芯屑 褉邪蟹写械谢械 锌芯写褉邪蟹褍屑械胁邪械褌褋褟 薪邪谢懈褔懈械 薪械泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 芯锌褘褌邪 褉邪斜芯褌褘 褋 泻芯屑邪薪写邪屑懈 *nix 懈 薪邪胁懈谐邪褑懈懈 锌芯 褎邪泄谢芯胁芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑械. 袟写械褋褜 褋懈屑胁芯谢 $ 芯蟹薪邪褔邪械褌 泻芯屑邪薪写褍, 胁胁芯写懈屑褍褞 胁 褌械泻褍褖械泄 锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌械谢褜褋泻芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑械, 邪 # 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褋褟 泻 泻芯屑邪薪写械, 胁胁芯写懈屑芯泄 胁 Debian chroot.

袣邪泻 褌芯谢褜泻芯 胁褘 锌芯谢褍褔懈褌械 薪芯胁褍褞 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 Debian, 薪邪褋褌褉芯械薪薪褍褞 锌芯 胁邪褕懈屑 锌褉械写锌芯褔褌械薪懈褟屑, 胁褘 屑芯卸械褌械 锌械褉械薪械褋褌懈 褋胁芯懈 写邪薪薪褘械 (械褋谢懈 芯薪懈 械褋褌褜) 胁 薪械褢 懈 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪褌褜 褉邪斜芯褌褍. 袩芯褝褌芯屑褍 褌邪泻邪褟 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻邪 Debian GNU/Linux 褋褔懈褌邪械褌褋褟 芦褋 薪褍谢械胁褘屑 胁褉械屑械薪械屑 锌褉芯褋褌芯褟禄 (zero downtime). 孝邪泻卸械 褝褌芯 屑褍写褉褘泄 褋锌芯褋芯斜 褉邪斜芯褌褘 褋 邪锌锌邪褉邪褌褍褉芯泄, 泻芯褌芯褉邪褟 薪械 屑芯卸械褌 薪芯褉屑邪谢褜薪芯 褉邪斜芯褌邪褌褜 褋 褉邪蟹薪褘屑懈 蟹邪谐褉褍蟹芯褔薪褘屑懈 懈谢懈 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁芯褔薪褘屑懈 薪芯褋懈褌械谢褟屑懈.

孝邪泻 泻邪泻 褝褌芯, 锌芯 斜芯谢褜褕械泄 褔邪褋褌懈, 褉褍褔薪邪褟 锌褉芯褑械写褍褉邪, 胁褘 写芯谢卸薪褘 锌芯屑薪懈褌褜, 褔褌芯 胁邪屑 锌褉懈写褢褌褋褟 褋写械谢邪褌褜 屑薪芯卸械褋褌胁芯 薪邪褔邪谢褜薪褘褏 薪邪褋褌褉芯械泻 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜薪芯, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 褌邪泻卸械 褌褉械斜褍褞褌 斜芯谢褜褕械 蟹薪邪薪懈泄 芯 Debian 懈 Linux 胁 芯斜褖械屑, 褔械屑 锌褉懈 胁褘锌芯谢薪械薪懈械 芯斜褘褔薪芯泄 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈. 袙褘 薪械 写芯谢卸薪褘 芯卸懈写邪褌褜, 褔褌芯 褝褌邪 锌褉芯褑械写褍褉邪 薪邪褋褌褉芯懈褌 胁邪屑 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 褌邪泻, 泻邪泻 褝褌芯 写械谢邪械褌褋褟 锌褉懈 芯斜褘褔薪芯泄 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻械. 孝邪泻卸械 胁褘 写芯谢卸薪褘 锌芯屑薪懈褌褜,褔褌芯 褝褌邪 锌褉芯褑械写褍褉邪 胁褘锌芯谢薪褟械褌 褌芯谢褜泻芯 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘械 褝褌邪锌褘 薪邪褋褌褉芯泄泻懈 褋懈褋褌械屑褘. 袦芯卸械褌 锌芯褌褉械斜芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪邪褟 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻邪 懈/懈谢懈 薪邪褋褌褉芯泄泻邪.

小 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞 懈屑械褞褖械泄褋褟 褍褌懈谢懈褌褘 *nix 写谢褟 褉邪斜芯褌褘 褋 褉邪蟹写械谢邪屑懈 写懈褋泻邪, 锌械褉械褉邪蟹屑械褌褜褌械 写懈褋泻 泻邪泻 薪褍卸薪芯, 褋芯蟹写邪胁 泻邪泻 屑懈薪懈屑褍屑 芯写薪褍 褎邪泄谢芯胁褍褞 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 锌谢褞褋 褉邪蟹写械谢 锌芯写泻邪褔泻懈 (swap). 袙邪屑 锌芯褌褉械斜褍械褌褋褟 芯泻芯谢芯 432 袦袘 写谢褟 泻芯薪褋芯谢褜薪芯泄 胁械褉褋懈懈 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 懈谢懈 芯泻芯谢芯 1521 袦袘, 械褋谢懈 胁褘 锌谢邪薪懈褉褍械褌械 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褜 X (懈谢懈 械褖褢 斜芯谢褜褕械, 械褋谢懈 胁褘 斜褍写械褌械 褍褋褌邪薪邪胁谢懈胁邪褌褜 芯泻褉褍卸械薪懈械 褉邪斜芯褔械谐芯 褋褌芯谢邪 褌懈锌邪 GNOME 懈谢懈 KDE).

袟邪褌械屑 褋芯蟹写邪泄褌械 褎邪泄谢芯胁褘械 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 薪邪 褉邪蟹写械谢邪褏. 袧邪锌褉懈屑械褉, 褔褌芯斜褘 褋芯蟹写邪褌褜 褎邪泄谢芯胁褍褞 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 ext3 薪邪 褉邪蟹写械谢械 /dev/hda6 (褝褌芯 泻芯褉薪械胁芯泄 褉邪蟹写械谢 胁 薪邪褕械屑 锌褉懈屑械褉械):

效褌芯斜褘 褋芯蟹写邪褌褜 褎邪泄谢芯胁褍褞 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 ext2, 薪械 褍泻邪蟹褘胁邪泄褌械 锌邪褉邪屑械褌褉 -j.

袩褉芯懈薪懈褑懈邪谢懈蟹懈褉褍泄褌械 懈 邪泻褌懈胁懈褉褍泄褌械 褉邪蟹写械谢 锌芯写泻邪褔泻懈 (蟹邪屑械薪懈褌械 薪芯屑械褉 褉邪蟹写械谢邪 薪邪 褋胁芯泄):

小屑芯薪褌懈褉褍泄褌械 芯写懈薪 褉邪蟹写械谢 泻邪泻 /mnt/debinst (褌芯褔泻邪 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈, 芯薪邪 斜褍写械褌 泻芯褉薪械胁芯泄 (/) 褎邪泄谢芯胁芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑芯泄 胁 胁邪褕械泄 薪芯胁芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑械). 袠屑褟 褌芯褔泻懈 屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 邪斜褋芯谢褞褌薪芯 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯谢褜薪芯械.

袝褋谢懈 胁褘 褏芯褌懈褌械 屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘械 褎邪泄谢芯胁褘械 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 (薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉, /usr) 褋 芯褌写械谢褜薪褘褏 褉邪蟹写械谢芯胁, 褌芯 薪褍卸薪芯 褋芯蟹写邪褌褜 懈 褋屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 褝褌懈 泻邪褌邪谢芯谐懈 胁褉褍褔薪褍褞, 锌械褉械写 褌械屑 泻邪泻 锌械褉械泄褌懈 泻 褋谢械写褍褞褖械屑褍 褝褌邪锌褍.

校褌懈谢懈褌邪, 泻芯褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢褜蟹褍械褌褋褟 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 Debian 懈 泻芯褌芯褉邪褟 锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪邪 芯褎懈褑懈邪谢褜薪褘屑 褋锌芯褋芯斜芯屑 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 斜邪蟹芯胁芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 Debian 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 debootstrap. 袨薪邪 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍械褌 wget 懈 ar, 薪芯 蟹邪胁懈褋懈褌 褌芯谢褜泻芯 芯褌 /bin/sh 懈 褔邪褋褌芯 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍械屑褘褏 懈薪褋褌褉褍屑械薪褌芯胁 Unix/Linux[22]. 校褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌械 wget 懈 ar, 械褋谢懈 懈褏 械褖褢 薪械褌 胁 褋懈褋褌械屑械, 邪 蟹邪褌械屑 蟹邪谐褉褍蟹懈褌械 懈 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌械 debootstrap.

袠谢懈 胁褘 屑芯卸械褌械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 褋谢械写褍褞褖褍褞 锌褉芯褑械写褍褉褍 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 胁褉褍褔薪褍褞. 小芯蟹写邪泄褌械 褉邪斜芯褔懈泄 泻邪褌邪谢芯谐 写谢褟 褉邪褋锌邪泻芯胁泻懈 胁 薪械谐芯 .deb:

袛胁芯懈褔薪褘泄 褎邪泄谢 debootstrap 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪 胁 邪褉褏懈胁械 Debian (褍斜械写懈褌械褋褜, 褔褌芯 胁褘 胁褘斜褉邪谢懈 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪褘泄 褎邪泄谢, 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈泄 胁邪褕械泄 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉械). 小泻邪褔邪泄褌械 debootstrap .deb 懈蟹 锌褍谢邪, 褋泻芯锌懈褉褍泄褌械 锌邪泻械褌 胁 褉邪斜芯褔懈泄 泻邪褌邪谢芯谐 懈 懈蟹胁谢械泻懈褌械 懈蟹 薪械谐芯 褎邪泄谢褘. 袛谢褟 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 褎邪泄谢芯胁 胁邪屑 锌芯褌褉械斜褍褞褌褋褟 锌褉懈胁懈谢械谐懈懈 褋褍锌械褉锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌械谢褟 (root).

袣芯屑邪薪写邪 debootstrap 屑芯卸械褌 褋泻邪褔懈胁邪褌褜 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑褘械 褎邪泄谢褘 锌褉褟屑芯 懈蟹 邪褉褏懈胁邪. 袙 锌褉懈屑械褉械 薪懈卸械 胁褘 屑芯卸械褌械 蟹邪屑械薪懈褌褜 http.us.debian.org/debian 薪邪 谢褞斜芯泄 褋械褉胁械褉-蟹械褉泻邪谢芯 邪褉褏懈胁邪 Debian, 谢褍褔褕械 胁褋械谐芯 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 懈蟹 薪邪懈斜芯谢械械 斜谢懈蟹泻芯泄 泻 胁邪屑 褋械褌懈. 小锌懈褋芯泻 褋械褉胁械褉芯胁 http://www.debian.org/mirror/list.

袝褋谢懈 褍 胁邪褋 械褋褌褜 泻芯屑锌邪泻褌-写懈褋泻 褋 wheezy Debian GNU/Linux, 褋屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘泄 胁 /cdrom, 胁褘 屑芯卸械褌械 锌芯写褋褌邪胁懈褌褜 URL 褌懈锌邪 file 胁屑械褋褌芯 http URL: file:/cdrom/debian/

袟邪屑械薪懈褌械 ARCH 胁 泻芯屑邪薪写械 蟹邪锌褍褋泻邪 薪邪 芯写懈薪 懈蟹 褋谢械写褍褞褖懈褏 胁邪褉懈邪薪褌芯胁: amd64, armel, armhf, i386, ia64, mips, mipsel, powerpc, s390, s390x 懈谢懈 sparc.

Now you've got a real Debian system, though rather lean, on disk. chroot into it:

After chrooting you may need to set the terminal definition to be compatible with the Debian base system, for example:

Depending on the value of TERM, you may have to install the ncurses-term package to get support for it.

袙 写邪薪薪褘泄 屑芯屑械薪褌 /dev/ 褋芯写械褉卸懈褌 褌芯谢褜泻芯 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘械 褎邪泄谢褘 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁. 袛谢褟 褋谢械写褍褞褖懈褏 褝褌邪锌芯胁 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 屑芯谐褍褌 锌芯褌褉械斜芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪褘械 褎邪泄谢褘 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁. 袝褋褌褜 薪械褋泻芯谢褜泻芯 褋锌芯褋芯斜芯胁 懈褏 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈褟; 胁褘斜芯褉 斜芯谢械械 锌芯写褏芯写褟褖械谐芯 蟹邪胁懈褋懈褌 芯褌: a) 褋懈褋褌械屑褘, 褋 泻芯褌芯褉芯泄 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写懈褌褋褟 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻邪; 斜) 斜褍写械褌 谢懈 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 屑芯写褍谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 褟写褉芯; 胁) 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍褞褌褋褟 胁 薪芯胁芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑械 写懈薪邪屑懈褔械褋泻懈械 (薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉, 锌芯褋褉械写褋褌胁芯屑 udev) 懈谢懈 褋褌邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈械 褎邪泄谢褘 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁.

袧械泻芯褌芯褉褘械 写芯褋褌褍锌薪褘械 褋锌芯褋芯斜褘:

褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻邪 锌邪泻械褌邪 makedev 懈 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍械屑芯谐芯 锌芯 褍屑芯谢褔邪薪懈褞 薪邪斜芯褉邪 褋褌邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褎邪泄谢芯胁 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁 (锌芯褋谢械 胁褘锌芯谢薪械薪懈褟 chroot)

褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械 胁褉褍褔薪褍褞 褌芯谢褜泻芯 胁褘斜褉邪薪薪褘褏 褎邪泄谢芯胁 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁 褋 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞 MAKEDEV

锌褉懈胁褟蟹泻邪 褋屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪薪芯谐芯 /dev 懈屑械褞褖械泄褋褟 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 锌芯胁械褉褏 /dev 胁 褍褋褌邪薪邪胁谢懈胁邪械屑芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑械; 蟹邪屑械褌懈屑, 褔褌芯 褋褑械薪邪褉懈懈 postinst 薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 锌邪泻械褌芯胁 屑芯谐褍褌 锌褘褌邪褌褜褋褟 褋芯蟹写邪胁邪褌褜 褎邪泄谢褘 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁, 锌芯褝褌芯屑褍 写邪薪薪褘泄 锌邪褉邪屑械褌褉 薪褍卸薪芯 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 芯褋褌芯褉芯卸薪芯

袙邪屑 薪褍卸薪芯 褋芯蟹写邪褌褜 褎邪泄谢 /etc/fstab.

袙芯褌 锌褉懈屑械褉, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 屑芯卸薪芯 懈蟹屑械薪懈褌褜 胁 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈懈 褋 胁邪褕懈屑懈 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟屑懈:

袙褘锌芯谢薪懈褌械 mount -a 写谢褟 屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 胁褋械褏 褎邪泄谢芯胁褘褏 褋懈褋褌械屑, 褍泻邪蟹邪薪薪褘褏 胁 褎邪泄谢械 /etc/fstab, 邪 写谢褟 屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 芯锌褉械写械谢褢薪薪芯泄 褎邪泄谢芯胁芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 胁褘锌芯谢薪懈褌械:

袙 褋懈褋褌械屑邪褏 Debian 褌芯褔泻懈 屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 写谢褟 褋褗褢屑薪褘褏 薪芯褋懈褌械谢械泄 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪褘 胁 /media, 薪芯 写谢褟 芯斜褉邪褌薪芯泄 褋芯胁屑械褋褌懈屑芯褋褌懈 胁 / 褋芯蟹写邪薪褘 褋懈屑胁芯谢懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋褋褘谢泻懈. 小芯蟹写邪泄褌械 懈褏, 械褋谢懈 薪褍卸薪芯. 袩褉懈屑械褉:

袙褘 屑芯卸械褌械 屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 褎邪泄谢芯胁褍褞 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 proc 薪械褋泻芯谢褜泻芯 褉邪蟹 懈 胁 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯谢褜薪褘械 屑械褋褌邪, 褏芯褌褟 锌褉懈薪褟褌芯 胁 /proc. 袝褋谢懈 胁褘 薪械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪谢懈 mount -a, 褌芯 锌械褉械写 褌械屑 泻邪泻 锌褉芯写芯谢卸懈褌褜, 褍斜械写懈褌械褋褜, 褔褌芯 proc 褋屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪邪:

袣芯屑邪薪写邪 ls /proc 褌械锌械褉褜 写芯谢卸薪邪 锌芯泻邪蟹褘胁邪褌褜, 褔褌芯 泻邪褌邪谢芯谐 薪械 锌褍褋褌芯泄. 袝褋谢懈 褝褌芯 薪械 褌邪泻, 屑芯卸薪芯 褋屑芯薪褌懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 proc 蟹邪 锌褉械写械谢邪屑懈 chroot:

Setting the third line of the file /etc/adjtime to 芦UTC禄 or 芦LOCAL禄 determines whether the system will interpret the hardware clock as being set to UTC respective local time. The following command allows you to set that.

Here is a sample:

The following command allows you to choose your timezone.

袛谢褟 薪邪褋褌褉芯泄泻懈 褋械褌懈, 芯褌褉械写邪泻褌懈褉褍泄褌械 /etc/network/interfaces, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hostname 懈 /etc/hosts.

袟写械褋褜 锌褉懈胁械写械薪褘 薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘械 锌褉芯褋褌褘械 锌褉懈屑械褉褘 懈蟹 /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples:

Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in /etc/resolv.conf:

A simple example /etc/resolv.conf:

校泻邪卸懈褌械 DNS-褋械褉胁械褉(褘) 懈 写懈褉械泻褌懈胁褘 search 胁 /etc/resolv.conf:

袩褉芯褋褌芯泄 锌褉懈屑械褉 /etc/resolv.conf:

校泻邪卸懈褌械 懈屑褟 褍蟹谢邪 (芯褌 2 写芯 63 褋懈屑胁芯谢芯胁):

袠 斜邪蟹芯胁褘泄 /etc/hosts 褋 锌芯写写械褉卸泻芯泄 IPv6:

袝褋谢懈 褍 胁邪褋 薪械褋泻芯谢褜泻芯 褋械褌械胁褘褏 泻邪褉褌, 褌芯 胁邪屑 薪褍卸薪芯 褉邪蟹屑械褋褌懈褌褜 懈屑械薪邪 写褉邪泄胁械褉芯胁 胁 褎邪泄谢械 /etc/modules 胁 卸械谢邪械屑芯屑 锌芯褉褟写泻械. 袩芯蟹卸械 锌褉懈 蟹邪谐褉褍蟹泻械 泻邪卸写邪褟 泻邪褉褌邪 斜褍写械褌 褋胁褟蟹邪薪邪 褋 懈屑械薪械屑 懈薪褌械褉褎械泄褋邪 (eth0, eth1 懈 褌.写.) 泻邪泻 胁褘 懈 芯卸懈写邪谢懈.

Debootstrap 褋芯蟹写邪褋褌 芯褔械薪褜 芯斜褖懈泄 /etc/apt/sources.list, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈褌 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褜 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪褘械 锌邪泻械褌褘. 袨写薪邪泻芯, 胁褘 屑芯卸械褌械 蟹邪褏芯褌械褌褜 写芯斜邪胁懈褌褜 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪褘械 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈, 薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉 写谢褟 锌邪泻械褌芯胁 褋 懈褋褏芯写薪褘屑 泻芯写芯屑 懈 芯斜薪芯胁谢械薪懈泄 斜械蟹芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌懈:

袨斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜薪芯 蟹邪锌褍褋褌懈褌械 aptitude update 锌芯褋谢械 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈褟 褋锌懈褋泻邪 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻芯胁.

效褌芯斜褘 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 褟蟹褘泻, 芯褌谢懈褔薪褘泄 芯褌 邪薪谐谢懈泄褋泻芯谐芯, 薪褍卸薪芯 薪邪褋褌褉芯懈褌褜 谢芯泻邪谢褜. 袛谢褟 褝褌芯谐芯 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌械 锌邪泻械褌 锌芯写写械褉卸泻懈 locales 懈 薪邪褋褌褉芯泄褌械 械谐芯. 袪械泻芯屑械薪写褍械褌褋褟 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 UTF-8 谢芯泻邪谢懈.

袛谢褟 薪邪褋褌褉芯泄泻懈 褉邪褋泻谢邪写泻懈 泻谢邪胁懈邪褌褍褉褘 (械褋谢懈 薪褍卸薪芯):

袟邪屑械褌懈屑, 褔褌芯 泻谢邪胁懈邪褌褍褉邪 薪械 屑芯卸械褌 斜褘褌褜 薪邪褋褌褉芯械薪邪, 锌芯泻邪 褉邪斜芯褌邪 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写懈褌褋褟 胁 chroot, 薪芯 薪邪褋褌褉芯泄泻邪 斜褍写械褌 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪邪 锌芯褋谢械 褋谢械写褍褞褖械泄 锌械褉械蟹邪谐褉褍蟹泻懈.

袝褋谢懈 胁褘 薪邪屑械褉械薪褘 蟹邪谐褉褍卸邪褌褜 褝褌褍 褋懈褋褌械屑褍, 褌芯 胁邪屑 褋泻芯褉械械 胁褋械谐芯 锌芯薪邪写芯斜懈褌褋褟 褟写褉芯 Linux 懈 褋懈褋褌械屑薪褘泄 蟹邪谐褉褍蟹褔懈泻. 袨锌褉械写械谢懈褌械 写芯褋褌褍锌薪褘械 锌邪泻械褌褘 褋 褟写褉邪屑懈 褋 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞:

袟邪褌械屑 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌械 锌邪泻械褌 褋 褟写褉芯屑, 褍泻邪蟹邪胁 锌芯写褏芯写褟褖懈泄 胁邪屑 胁邪褉懈邪薪褌.

效褌芯斜褘 褋写械谢邪褌褜 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 Debian GNU/Linux 蟹邪谐褉褍卸邪械屑芯泄, 薪邪褋褌褉芯泄褌械 褋懈褋褌械屑薪褘泄 蟹邪谐褉褍蟹褔懈泻 薪邪 蟹邪谐褉褍蟹泻褍 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁谢械薪薪芯谐芯 褟写褉邪 褋 薪芯胁褘屑 泻芯褉薪械胁褘屑 褉邪蟹写械谢芯屑. 袟邪屑械褌懈屑, 褔褌芯 debootstrap 薪械 褍褋褌邪薪邪胁谢懈胁邪械褌 褋懈褋褌械屑薪褘泄 蟹邪谐褉褍蟹褔懈泻, 褏芯褌褟 胁褘 屑芯卸械褌械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 aptitude 胁薪褍褌褉懈 胁邪褕械谐芯 Debian chroot, 褔褌芯斜褘 褋写械谢邪褌褜 褝褌芯.

袟邪屑械褌懈屑, 褔褌芯 褝褌芯 锌褉械写锌芯谢邪谐邪械褌, 褔褌芯 褎邪泄谢芯胁芯械 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁芯 /dev/hda 斜褘谢芯 褋芯蟹写邪薪芯 褉邪薪械械. 袝褋褌褜 写褉褍谐懈械 屑械褌芯写褘 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 grub2, 薪芯 芯薪懈 蟹写械褋褜 薪械 芯锌懈褋邪薪褘.

袝褋谢懈 胁褘 胁褏芯写懈褌械 胁 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 褔械褉械蟹 泻芯薪褋芯谢褜, 褌芯 屑芯卸械褌械 锌褉芯锌褍褋褌懈褌褜 褝褌芯褌 褉邪蟹写械谢. 袝褋谢懈 褋懈褋褌械屑邪 写芯谢卸薪邪 斜褘褌褜 写芯褋褌褍锌薪邪 懈蟹 褋械褌懈, 褌芯 胁邪屑 薪褍卸薪芯 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褜 SSH 懈 蟹邪写邪褌褜 锌邪褉芯谢褜 写谢褟 锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌械谢褟 root:

袣邪泻 褍锌芯屑懈薪邪谢芯褋褜 褉邪薪械械, 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁谢械薪薪邪褟 褋懈褋褌械屑邪 屑邪谢芯 褔褌芯 褍屑械械褌. 袝褋谢懈 胁褘 褏芯褌懈褌械 褋写械谢邪褌褜 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 斜芯谢械械 锌褉懈谐芯写薪芯泄 写谢褟 褉邪斜芯褌褘, 屑芯卸薪芯 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褜 胁褋械 锌邪泻械褌褘 褋 锌褉懈芯褉懈褌械褌芯屑 芦褋褌邪薪写邪褉褌禄:

袣芯薪械褔薪芯, 褌邪泻卸械 胁褘 屑芯卸械褌械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 aptitude 写谢褟 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 芯褌写械谢褜薪褘褏 锌邪泻械褌芯胁.

袩芯褋谢械 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 胁褋械 褋泻邪褔械薪薪褘械 锌邪泻械褌褘 斜褍写褍褌 褋芯褏褉邪薪械薪褘 胁 泻邪褌邪谢芯谐 /var/cache/apt/archives/. 袙褘 屑芯卸械褌械 芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌褜 薪械屑薪芯谐芯 屑械褋褌邪 蟹邪锌褍褋褌懈胁:

[22] 小褞写邪 胁褏芯写褟褌 斜邪蟹芯胁褘械 褍褌懈谢懈褌褘 GNU 懈 泻芯屑邪薪写褘 褌懈锌邪 sed, grep, tar 懈 gzip.